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Coenzyme-ATM "Precursor The Master CoenzymeTM"
Introduction
The nutritional requirements of the human body can rarely be met through
a well balanced diet; dietary supplements, including vitamins are often required
to sustain good health. Coenzyme-A Technologies Inc. has applied new technology
to the formulation and manufacture of a series of proprietary products, which
address nutritional deficiencies that result from the stress of modern day
living, chemical imbalances within the body, and the effects of aging. These precursor
nutraceutical products are the first to provide people with a balanced
combination of highly active precursor nutritional components that can be used by the body
to support its manufacture and utilization of Coenzyme-A. In addition, certain
products also contain their own set of specific substances that support
Coenzyme-A's correction or alleviation of particular problems associated
with certain nutritional deficiencies. It's important to know why Coenzyme-A Technologies Inc. refers to Coenzyme-A as "The Master Coenzyme precursor formula"; the reason
is set forth below.
The human body is composed of trillions of cells. Each of these cells is
made of various chemical molecules that perform certain vital biochemical
functions as programmed by the cell's deoxyribonucleic acid molecule (DNA).
Certain genetic instructions are transferred from DNA to the ribonucleic
acid molecule (RNA) to facilitate the manufacture of amino acids into proteins
(enzymes, structural molecules and polypeptide hormones). Millions of
continuously occurring biochemical functions that are necessary to sustain
life require the presence of enzymes. It is important to recognize that,
as is the case with all chemicals, each enzyme's chemical structure, not
its natural or synthetic source, determines its function.
What is an enzyme?
An enzyme is a protein substance which acts as a catalyst to initiate or
accelerate a chemical reaction that supports digestion or metabolism by
specifically acting upon a particular substance or class of substances. Although
enzymes are not always destroyed during such chemical reactions they pass
out of the body and should be replenished on a daily basis.
What is Coenzyme-A?
Coenzyme-A is the most active metabolic enzyme in the human body. Coenzyme-A operates in the body's cells and blood where it is required by metabolic processes that facilitate more than one hundred chemical reactions. Every organ of the body has Coenzyme-A in its tissues because every part of the body has a use for it. Coenzyme-A is constantly expended by the metabolic processes of the body and constantly needs replenishing.
How do enzymes work?
Digestive enzymes operate in the body's digestive tract. These enzymes initiate
the chemical reactions that break down and digest the proteins (amino acids),
carbohydrates (sugars and starches), and lipids (fats and oils) that are
contained in foods. These reactions begin when any food enters the mouth
and continue as the food is chewed, swallowed, passed through the stomach
into the intestines and absorbed through the walls of the small intestine
for transmission by the bloodstream to other parts of the body.
Metabolic enzymes operate in the body's cells and blood. Metabolism is a
general term for the biochemical processes through which the body changes
air, food and other materials into the substances it needs to function properly.
Metabolic enzymes facilitate the chemical reactions that carry out the processes
of metabolism. Typically, metabolic enzymes are composed of two components:
(1) an "apoenzyme" that identifies which molecule within a cell requires
a specific chemical reaction and (2) a "coenzyme" that initiates the specific
chemical reaction.
The body's primary sources of energy are produced at the cellular level by
metabolic processes. Coenzyme-A (CoA), Acetyl Coenzyme-A (acetyl CoA),
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and Coenzyme 1 (NADH), together with certain B-vitamins and their
coenzyme forms are necessary for such energy production during: (1) the
tricarboxylic acid cycle (the TCA cycle, Krebs cycle, or citric acid cycle)
and (2) the glycolitic cycle.
The TCA cycle and glycolitic cycle are responsible for the production of
about 95% of the energy the body requires to sustain life. The TCA cycle
requires oxygen; it provides the most efficient chemical pathway for the
body's production of aerobic energy. The glycolitic cycle does not require
oxygen; it provides an inefficient chemical pathway for the body's production
of short interval high outputs of anaerobic energy.
What are coenzymes made of?
Coenzymes are generally made from the B vitamins such as B-1 thiamin, B-2
riboflavin, B-3 niacin, B-5 pantothenic acid, B-6 pyridoxine, or B-12 cobalamin.
Coenzymes may be a vitamin, contain one, or be manufactured in the body by
combining a vitamin with one or more other substances (as in the case of
Coenzyme-A). Coenzyme-A is a very important coenzyme that deserves special
recognition. While it is not uncommon for a coenzyme to be a requirement
of several metabolic processes that may facilitate a number of chemical
reactions, Coenzyme-A is required by metabolic processes that facilitate
more than one hundred chemical reactions. Coenzyme-A is manufactured in the
cells of the liver and other body organs from components transported by the
blood. The highest concentrations of Coenzyme-A are found in the liver, heart,
kidneys, brain, adrenal glands, and skeletal muscles. However, literally
every organ of the body has Coenzyme-A in its tissues because every part
of the body has a use for it.
What does Coenzyme-A do?
Since its discovery in 1947, Coenzyme-A's crucial importance to a host of
metabolic processes has been recognized and intensively studied. First and
foremost, Coenzyme-A initiates the above mentioned TCA cycle. As the TCA
cycle's initiator, Coenzyme-A is indispensable to the body's primary method
of producing more than 90% of the energy that powers the body's life processes.
Second, but hardly less important, Coenzyme-A initiates the manufacture of
a wide variety of specific substances that the body requires. These substances
include the neuromuscular messenger and neurotransmitter acetylcholine produced
in the brain, the steroid hormones produced in the adrenal glands: aldosterone,
hydrocortisone, and the sex hormones (the male androgens, and the female
estrogen and progesterone). These sex hormones are also produced in the male
testes and female ovaries. Acetylcholine is important to certain operations
of the brain: as a neuromuscular messenger it enables nerves to communicate
with muscle cells; as a neurotransmitter it carries messages between nerves
to parts of the brain affecting primitive emotions, responsiveness to outside
stimuli, memory, learning and long-term planning. Aldosterone regulates sodium,
potassium and water balance in the body. Hydrocortisone (cortisol) primarily
helps control the sugar levels in the blood and liver; however, it also interacts
with other organs, glands, the central nervous system, and plays an important
role in the body's reaction to stress. The androgens (such as testosterone
or androsterone), estrogen and progesterone support the development and operation
of the sex organs essential to human existence.
Another crucial function of Coenzyme-A is its performance as the "universal
acetate carrier"; it is the primary biological substance (cofactor) used
in acyl transfers. Coenzyme-A initiates the fatty acid metabolism that breaks
down and degrades the long molecular chains of fatty acids by adding or removing
acyl groups. It also supports pyruvate oxidation and other acetylation reactions.
Effective fatty acid metabolism is essential to the avoidance of the high
levels of cholesterol and triglycerides, and the high lipid levels that are
characteristic of patients with cardiovascular or diabetic disorders. Also,
Coenzyme-A supports the immune system's detoxification of many dangerous
substances, activation of the white blood cells (that kill and remove invaders),
and the formation of the hemoglobin required to produce red blood cells.
Additionally, it supports the immune system's repair of RNA and DNA, and
ability to heal physical injury. Further, Coenzyme-A facilitates the manufacture
of some very important components of connective tissue. Two of these components,
chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid (which is made in part from glucosamine),
are necessary to the formation and repair of cartilage.
What is Coenzyme-A made of?
Coenzyme-A is manufactured in the cells of the body from three components:
adenosine triphosphate (ATP), cysteine, and pantothenic acid (vitamin B-5).
The body can manufacture both ATP and cysteine by synthesis; however, pantothenic
acid is an essential vitamin that the body does not produce.
What is the source of Coenzyme-A?
There are no food sources for Coenzyme-A as a chemical compound. The cells
of the body manufacture Coenzyme-A from the three above mentioned components:
ATP, cysteine, and pantothenic acid. All three of these Coenzyme-A components
must be provided by way of the foods or synthetic dietary supplements digested
by the body. At this time, Coenzyme-A is not commercially available in the
form of a one compound synthetic dietary supplement. Further, it is doubtful
that a compound of Coenzyme-A would be an effective dietary supplement because
the digestive process would break such a compound back down into its components
before it entered the bloodstream. Coenzyme-A is not manufactured during
the digestive process, it is manufactured in the cells of the body! This
is why each of the precursor nutraceutical products offered by Coenzyme-A Technologies Inc.TM contain
a balanced combination of components that are used by the cells of the body
to manufacture and utilize Coenzyme-A.
How important is Coenzyme-A: "The Master Coenzyme Precusor Formula"?
Everyone knows that human life depends upon the availability of oxygen; few
people know that Coenzyme-A is just as important!
Coenzyme-A:
• Initiates hundreds of important processes in the body.
• Reduces the damaging effects of stress and slows the deadly processes
of aging.
• Initiates the TCA cycle that produces more than 90% of the energy
the body requires to sustain life.
• Initiates the chemical reactions required by the human body to utilize Coenzyme Q10, Coenzyme 1 (NADH/Enada) and many of the other nutrients the body needs to stay healthy.
• Initiates the manufacture of the specific substances that facilitate
critical functions of the brain and adrenal glands.
• Supports the development and functions of the male and female sex
organs that are essential to human existence.
• Acts as the "universal acetate carrier"; it is the primary biological
cofactor used in acyl group transfers. It initiates the metabolism of fatty
acids, and supports pyruvate oxidation and other acetylation reactions.
• Supports critical functions of the immune system and facilitates
the repair of RNA, DNA and physical injury.
• Facilitates the manufacture of connective tissue and the formation
and repair of cartilage.
• Enhances physical performance and reduces the build up of lactate.
What are the symptoms of a deficiency of Coenzyme-A?
Signs and symptoms of a Coenzyme-A deficiency included: depression, anxiety, loss of appetite, impaired sense of balance, easy irritability, fatigue, frequent respiratory infection, cardiac instability, and abnormal need for sleep. Neurological disorders included: numbness, muscle
weakness, cramps, abdominal pain and paresthesia (abnormal sensations such
as itching and prickling, tingling extremities, and "burning feet" syndrome).
Biochemical changes included: increased insulin sensitivity, lowered blood
cholesterol, decreased serum potassium, and failure of adrenocorticotropin
(ACTH) to induce eosinopenia.
Based upon the genetically determined life span of humans, a normal person
has the potential for living a healthy life for over 100 years. As life proceeds,
the actual rate at which aging progresses depends upon: (1) the ratio of
damage to repair of the body's tissues, cells and molecules, and (2) the
progressive loss of body functions. Aging accelerates as time passes. There
is evidence that sensory mechanisms (time clocks) in the testes, ovaries,
pituitary, and hypothalamus measure accumulated damage and begin to decrease
their effective function when such damage reaches a critical level.
Damage to DNA and deterioration of the immune system are both recognized
as major causes of aging or premature death. The diseases of age that usually
cause disability or death such as arthritis, multiple sclerosis, parkinson's,
alzheimer's, adult on-set diabetes, cancer, artherosclerosis, etc. are usually
prevented or alleviated by a well-functioning immune system and healthy DNA.
As noted above, Coenzyme-A supports critical functions of the immune system
and facilitates the repair of RNA and DNA.
The body has the capacity to manufacture certain nutrients, but not essential
vitamins such as pantothenic acid (B-5). However, in addition to taking essential
vitamins as a supplement, it is also advantageous to take certain nutrients
as dietary supplements. Otherwise, the body must expend raw materials and
scarce resources such as enzymes and coenzymes to manufacture the necessary
nutrients. Further, as the body ages, its ability to efficiently manufacture
and utilize the quantity of nutrients required to maintain good health
progressively decreases.
Aside from defective genes, or bacterial and viral diseases, the inability
of the body to slow or partially reverse the deadly processes of aging can
stem from nutritional deficiencies. Unfortunately, it is sometimes difficult
to detect a dietary deficiency; however, the effect of most dietary deficiencies
is cumulative and the effect of some may be irreversible (and perhaps fatal). Consider the importance of Coenzyme-A, "The Master
Coenzyme Precursor Formula"! Why risk a dietary deficiency of Coenzyme-A that could affect
the quality or duration of life?
How does the body obtain sufficient Coenzyme-A?
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has established Recommended Daily
Dietary Allowances (RDAs), currently referred to as Reference Daily Intakes
(RDI's). These FDA recommendations were not determined by scientific studies.
They represent the amounts of proteins, vitamins and minerals the FDA believes
a healthy person needs to ingest each day to obtain essential nutrients.
The FDA has not established the amounts of vitamins, minerals, trace elements,
and other nutrients a person needs to attain and sustain the optimal level
of health required to enhance both the quality and duration of life. When
it comes to a person's health and longevity, there is a big difference between
"adequate" and "optimal".
In the FDA's 1980 tables, an adult person's RDA for pantothenic acid (vitamin
B-5) was 4 to 7 milligrams (mg). The FDA's current RDI is 10 mg. for an adult
person. That's progress? Even the basic dietary food supplements of multiple
vitamins provide a much larger daily dosage.
Only a limited amount of research is currently available regarding the amount
of pantothenic acid a person needs to satisfy optimal daily requirements.
According to the clinical research done in Hong Kong, China by Lit-Hung Leung,
M.D., daily dosages of up to 10 grams of pantothenic acid were applied to
obtain long term optimum nutrition and health benefits. Up to 10 grams more
were applied to obtain optimum therapeutic results for specific ailments.
Throughout the one year duration of this clinical research program, no toxicity
(from the daily dosages of up to 20 grams of pantothenic acid) was observed
in the participants. This major study was published in the scientifically
prestigious Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine, Volume 12, Number 2, 1997.
Many other major studies, reporting on the use of mega doses of pantothenic
acid under clinical conditions have been published in this same Journal.
It is important to know that pantothenic acid (vitamin
B-5) is an essential vitamin that the body does not produce. The food sources
richest in pantothenic acid are animal protein (organ meats such as liver)
and natural vegetable sources such as raw fresh mushrooms and broccoli. Most
fresh fruits and their juices contain only small amounts. Aside from the
quantity and varieties of foods that must be consumed daily to obtain optimum
nutrition (including vitamin B-5), the preparation of such food presents
another problem; heat, food processing and preservation techniques, and canning
destroy some or all of the pantothenic acid such foods contain. Another problem
encountered when trying to establish optimum daily dietary recommendations
is the human digestive system's variation in efficiency between individuals.
It is essential to understand that while pantothenic acid circulates in the blood in its pure vitamin form, it is stored in the cells of the body only as a component of Coenzyme-A. It is Coenzyme-A that initiates the chemical reactions within the cells of the body that involve pantothenic acid.
Pantothenic acid is the primary cofactor of Coenzyme-A; however, it will pass out of the body without manufacturing Coenzyme-A unless sufficient adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and cysteine are both available. Both adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) and cysteine can be manufactured within the body by synthesis.
However, this requires the expenditure of raw materials and scarce resources
such as enzymes and coenzymes. Further, the body's ability to efficiently
produce such substances declines with age.
The most reliable and cost effective method of providing the body with the resources necessary to obtain an optimum daily supply of Coenzyme-A is to use Coenzyme-A
Technologies' proprietary precursor nutraceutical product Coenzyme
ATM.
Coenzyme-A Technologies Inc. is the world's first developer of effective Coenzyme-A and
Acetyl Coenzyme-A products. In the manufacture of its products Coenzyme-A Technologies
combines the latest technology with the highest quality ingredients.
These precursor nutraceutical products are the first to provide people with a balanced
combination of highly active nutritional components that are used by the cells of the body
to support its manufacture and utilization of Coenzyme-A. In addition, certain products also
contain their own set of specific substances that support Coenzyme-A's correction or alleviation
of particular problems associated with certain nutritional deficiencies. One of the reasons
why Coenzyme-A Technologies' products are so effective is because we use a scientifically
formulated balanced combination of top quality, highly active precursor natural components in the
manufacture of our products.
The nutrients supplied by Coenzyme ATM also help the cells efficiently deliver fuel from aerobic and anaerobic metabolism to the TCA cycle for energy release. Because the human body can rapidly absorb these nutrients, Coenzyme ATM can be taken by an athlete shortly before a workout or sport performance to provide extra metabolic power when they need it the most.
Even if a person goes to the expense and difficulty of taking 10 or more grams of pantothenic acid a day, they will not know if their body is obtaining an appropriately balanced combination of the other components required by the cells of their body to manufacture Coenzyme-A. Coenzyme-A Technologies' Coenzyme
ATM offers a reliable daily dose of Coenzyme-A at a much lower cost. It's obvious that Coenzyme-A Technologies' products are the best choice!
Coenzyme-A Technologies' Coenzyme ATM and the complete
ImageTM line
of precursor nutraceutical products can be found at your better health food stores
or visit Coenzyme-A Technologies' web site at www.coenzyme-a.com for
more information about its products.
Coenzyme-A "The Master Coenzyme Precursor Formula" - Your Body Can't Live Without It!
The statements contained in this article have not been evaluated
by the U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA).
The products discussed are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent
any disease.
Research References
1. Abiko Y.; Metabolism of Coenzyme-A; New York Academic Press, Third Edition
1975; 7:1-25.
2. Annous, K. F. & Song, W. O.; Pantothenic Acid Uptake and Metabolism
By the Red Blood Cell; Journal of Nutrition 1995; 125: 2586-2593.
3. Binaghi, p., Cellina, G., Lo Cicero, G., Bruschi, F., & Penotti, M.;
Evaluation of the Cholesterol-lowering effectiveness of pantethine in
Perimenopausal Age; Minerva Med. June 1990; 81: 6, 475-9.
4. Downing, D. T. & Strauss L. S.; Synthesis and Composition of Surface
Lipids of Human Skin 1974; 62.228.-244.
5. Dupre, A., Albarel, N., Bonofe, J. L., Christol, B., & Lassere, J.;
Vitamin B-5; Cutis 1979: 24: 210-2111979; 24: 210-211.
6. Eisenstein, P. & Scheiner, S. M. Ph.D.; Overcoming the Pain of
Inflammatory Arthritis; Avery Publishing Group 1997.
7. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 1998;
Abstract, Volume 77, Issue 6, pages 486- 491; Physiological and Performance
Responses to Supplementation With Thiamin and Pantothenic Acid Derivatives.
8. Gaddi, A., Descovich, G. C., Noseda, G., et al; Controlled Evaluation
Hyperlipoproteinemia 1984; 50: 73-83.
9. Greenberg, D. M.; Metabolism of Sulfur Compounds, Metabolic Pathways;
New York Academic Press, Third Edition 1975; 7:1-25.
10. Grenville, G. D. & Tubbs, P. K.; The Catabolism of Long-Chain Fatty
Acids in Mammalian Tissues; Essays in Biochemistry 1969; 4-155-212.
11. Hendler, S. S. M.D., Ph.D.; The Doctor's Vitamin and Mineral Encyclopedia;
Simon & Schuster, 1990.
12. Komar V. I.; The Use of Pantothenic Acid Preparations in Treating Patients
With Viral Hepatitis A; TerArkh 1991; 63: 11, 58-60.
13. Krebs, H. A.; The Regulation of Release of Ketone Bodies By the Liver;
Advanced Enzyme Reaction 1966; 4: 339-354.
14. Kunz, J. R. M., M.D.; The American Medical Association, Family Medical
Guide; Random House Inc.; 1982.
15. Leung, L. H., M.D.; Pantothenic Acid as a Weight Reducing Agent: Fasting
Without Hunger, Weakness and Ketosis; Medical Hypothesis 1995; 44, 403, 405.
16. Leung, L. H., M.D.; Pantothenic Acid Deficiency as the Pathogenesis of
Acne Vulgaris; Medical Hypothesis 1995; 44, 490, 492.
17. Lieberman, C. & Bruning, N.; Pantothenic Acid; Chapter 17, The Real
Vitamin and Mineral Book; Avery Publishing Group 1997; 113-114-115.
18. Life Extension Foundation; Anti-Aging Therapies; http://www.lef.org;
December 31, 1998.
19. Masoro, E. J.; Lipids and Lipid Metabolism; Annual Review of Physiology
1977; 39-301-21.
20. Microsoft Bookshelf, 1996-1997 Edition: The American Heritage Dictionary,
Third Edition; The Concise Columbia Encyclopedia, Third Edition; The World
Almanac and Book of Facts; Microsoft Bookshelf Internet Directory 96-97.
21. Moertel, C. G., Fleming, T. R., Coregan, E. T., Rubin, J., & O'Connell
M.; England Med. 1985; 312: 137-141.
22. Pearson, D. & Shaw, S.; Life Extension, A practical Scientific Approach;
Warner Books Inc.; June 1983.
23. Ralli, E. P. & Dumm, M. E.; Relation of Pantothenic Acid Load on
Adrenal Cortical Function; Vitam Horn 1953; 11: 133-158.
24. Robishaw, J. D. & Neely, J. R.; Coenzyme A Metabolism; American Journal
of Physiology 1985; 248: El- E9.
25. Stumpf, P. K.; Metabolism of Fatty Acids; Annual Review of Biochemistry
1969; 38-159-212.
26. Zabel J.; Serum Testosterone Concentration in Boys With Acne; Przegl.
Dermatology 1981; 68, 189.
27. Knight, G. D., Ph.D.; A Waist is a terrible thing to mind; Medical Hypothesis 1998.
Trademarks
Coenzyme-ATM, Coenzyme
ATM, Acetyl
Coenzyme-ATM, Acetyl Coenzyme
ATM,
CoATM,
Co-ATM, The Master
CoenzymeTMprecursor formula, The New Millennium Health
EnhancerTM, Don't imagine health. Live it! IMAGE is everything . . . inside and out.TM, Modulator
MatrixTM,
ImagesTM,
ImageTM, Body
ImageTM, Clear Skin
ImageTM, Healthy Cholesterol
ImageTM, and Healthy Joint
ImageTM are all trademarks of COENZYME-A
TECHNOLOGIES INC.TM
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